A trademark can be a word, phrase, symbol, or design that distinguishes the source of the goods or services. Also, as trade dress, it can be the appearance of a product or its packaging, including size, shape, color, texture, graphics, and appearance (e.g, retail store or website).
Shape Changer Software Pear Inc
The founder of Prepear, Russell Monson, has taken to social networks to ask for help with a Change.org petition to publicize the case and raise funds for the battle against Apple. "Apple has opposed small businesses with fruit-related logos by taking costly legal action even when they look nothing like Apple, or are not in the same line of business," Monson writes in the petition. "Apple has opposed the trademark application for our small business, Prepear, requiring that we change our obviously pear-shaped logo, which is used to represent our brand in the recipe management and meal planning business. Before attacking us, Apple has opposed dozens of other trademark applications filed by small businesses with fruit-related logos. Many of those were changed or abandoned. Most small businesses can't afford the tens of thousands of dollars it would take to fight Apple."
This 14K white gold wedding set features one 1ct. pear shape newborn lab created center and 58 full cut round newborn lab created side diamonds weighing 3/4ct. t.w. This wedding set has a total diamond weight of 1 3/4ct. t.w.
"Apple has opposed the trademark application for our small business, Prepear, demanding that we change our obviously pear shaped logo, used to represent our brand in the recipe management and meal planning business... Most small businesses cannot afford the tens of thousands of dollars it would cost to fight Apple," the petition claims. "It is a very terrifying experience to be legally attacked by one of the largest companies in the world, even when we have clearly done nothing wrong, and we understand why most companies just give in and change their logos."
When you buy a pear, you can instantly evaluate its quality: the size and shape, ripeness, the absence of visible bruising. But only as you take the first bite, will you be able to see if the pear is really that good. Even an extremely good-looking pear might taste sour or have a worm in it.
As the first and sometimes only skeletal tissue to appear, cartilage plays a fundamental role in the development and evolution of vertebrate body shapes. This is especially true for amphibians whose largely cartilaginous feeding skeleton exhibits unparalleled ontogenetic and phylogenetic diversification as a consequence of metamorphosis. Fully understanding the evolutionary history, evolvability and regenerative potential of cartilage requires in-depth analysis of how chondrocytes drive growth and shape change. This study is a cell-level description of the larval growth and postembryonic shape change of major cartilages of the feeding skeleton of a metamorphosing amphibian. Histology and immunohistochemistry are used to describe and quantify patterns and trends in chondrocyte size, shape, division, death, and arrangement, and in percent matrix from hatchling to froglet for the lower jaw, hyoid and branchial arch cartilages of Xenopus laevis. The results are interpreted and integrated into programs of cell behaviors that account for the larval growth and histology, and metamorphic remodeling of each element. These programs provide a baseline for investigating hormone-mediated remodeling, cartilage regeneration, and intrinsic shape regulating mechanisms. These programs also contain four features not previously described in vertebrates: hypertrophied chondrocytes being rejuvenated by rapid cell cycling to a prechondrogenic size and shape; chondrocytes dividing and rearranging to reshape a cartilage; cartilage that lacks a perichondrium and grows at single-cell dimensions; and an adult cartilage forming de novo in the center of a resorbing larval one. Also, the unexpected superimposition of cell behaviors for shape change onto ones for larval growth and the unprecedented exploitation of very large and small cell sizes provide new directions for investigating the development and evolution of skeletal shape and metamorphic ontogenies.
Left is to the outside of the head and up is anterior in a-c and dorsal in e. (a and b) frontal, BrdU-labeled, hematoxylin-counterstained sections at late larval (NF 58) and late metamorphic (NF 64) stages respectively (arrows in b indicate the edges of the cartilage). (c) a frontal, resin-embedded, H&E stained section through the same region as a and b soon after metamorphosis (NF 66+). (d) a close up of the rectangular region outlined in c. (e) a transverse, BrdU-labeled, hematoxylin-counterstained section through the left lower jaw (LJ) and ceratohyal (CH) at NF 66. The transition from NF 58 to 64 (a to b) is marked by narrowing of the cartilage and most large chondrocytes acquiring more daughter nuclei and cells within their original perimeters. The transition from NF 64 to 66+ (b to c) is marked by the emergence of large, largely empty cell lacunae (*) that are interspersed across the width of the cartilage with discrete, equantly shaped cell clusters, and smaller lacunae that appear to contain cellular debris (arrows). While some lacunae resemble cluster outlines in b, others are transversely elongated with oval or more irregular shapes that generally conform to the curvature of adjacent cell clusters. The cell clusters contain many, small chondrocytes that have spherical nuclei and are separated by more matrix than the chondrocytes at NF 58. E shows high BrdU labeling in the ceratohyal, but not the lower jaw, at NF 66. Scale bars for a-d and e are 0.1 and 0.5 mm respectively.
In the middle portion, the margins of cell clusters that were transversely aligned at NF 58 (Figs 4L and 9A) become more irregularly aligned by NF 64 and some are obliquely inclined both anteriorly and posteriorly (Fig 10E and 10F). Some chondrocytes in the outer (more lateral) portion of the cartilage are considerably larger than their neighbors at NF 58 and 64 (arrows in Fig 4G and 4L, outlines in Fig 10E). New, more equantly shaped cell clusters have appeared in the outer portion by NF 64 (circle in Fig 10F) near to the inflexion point in jaw curvature (arrows in Figs 1 and 10E). The new cluster flanked by oblique cluster margins (arrows in Fig 10F) suggests a wedge bending the cartilage. Chondrocyte division has ceased by NF 66 (Fig 11E), and both outer and inner portions of the cartilage appear comprised of almost square-shaped clusters of matrix-secreting cells by NF 67 (Fig 4N).
Although the ceratohyal completes its shape change by NF 66, it continues to transform histologically after this stage (Figs 1 and 11). The changes in alcian blue staining between the first and fourth NF 66+ whole mounts (Fig 1) suggest that the adult hyale is not simply the retained central region of the larval ceratohyal. The visible gaps in stain in the third and fourth NF 66+ whole mounts correspond at a cellular level to lacunae that appear to be empty or to contain fragments of cellular debris (Fig 11C and 11D). Amidst the lacunae are newly emerging cell clusters that have polygonal shapes and straight borders with each other, appear randomly arranged along the length of the cartilage, and are more equantly shaped than the transversely elongated larval cell clusters (Figs 4H and 11A). The lacunae range in shape from round or oval in frontal and transverse planes to being highly irregular; some appear to be pinched by the growth of adjacent cell clusters and are bordered by a newly forming perichondrium. Their largest dimensions can exceed 100 μm and extend a third or more across the width of the cartilage. Some cell clusters contain cell clusters within them (Fig 11D, S2 Fig), and their component cells vary considerably in size, with some being as small as NF 43 chondrocytes, and others as large as NF 58 chondrocytes. Small chondrocytes are first observed in the central region at NF 62/3, along with the elevated PCNA label (Fig 12D), and BrdU label remains strong in this region for at least two days after NF 66 (Fig 11E). By one week after NF 66 (NF 67), the ceratohyal (or hyale, as it should now be called) has a uniform histology comprised of small round chondrocytes separated by matrix; there is no sign of empty lacunae interspersed with loosely coalesced clusters of variably sized cells (Fig 4O).
Since NF 46 tadpoles are commonly treated with T3 to study the lower jaw shape change, this treatment was repeated here to investigate the cellular basis of the shape change (Fig 14). Immersing NF 46 tadpoles at 10 days postfertilization in 50 nM T3 results in the lower jaw undergoing little increase in length or change in curvature, but thinning and thickening at different levels along its length to create a more uniform thickness overall. Comparing treated and untreated cartilages reveals that thinning in the middle region (boxes in Fig 14A) is the result of changes in cell size, shape and arrangement. Cells that are stacked as many as 6 across the width of the untreated cartilage are rearranged into stacks of 2 or 3 in the treated cartilage. Whereas the chondrocytes in the untreated cartilage are polygonal and their inner borders meet each other in a chevron pattern, the cells in the treated specimen are more cuboidal and their inner borders run parallel with the long axis of the cartilage. Though the T3-treated cartilage exhibits much more BrdU labeling throughout its length than the control (Fig 14D and 14E), only the labeled chondrocytes near to the infrarostral (left of the boxes) appear small enough to be products of an induced cell division. Cell division in this region is also consistent with its noticeable thickening. The T3-treated cartilage exhibits stronger alcian blue staining throughout its length, but not enough to noticeably change its thickness, based on the proximity of cell borders to each other and to the cartilage surface. 2ff7e9595c
댓글